實施低票價政策以來 開車出行上升1.4% 騎車出行下降12.6%

    公共交通(tong)的票價到底是什么情(qing)況(kuang)？市城市規劃設(she)計研究院(yuan)院(yuan)長助理、副總工(gong)程師高揚委員調(diao)研了一組數(shu)字，他說，用數(shu)字說話(hua)更具說服力：

    實(shi)施(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)票(piao)價優(you)惠(hui)政策，初衷是吸引小(xiao)汽車(che)出(chu)(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)向公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)轉移，而調(diao)查(cha)數據(ju)顯示，自(zi)2007年(nian)北京市實(shi)施(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)票(piao)價優(you)惠(hui)政策以來,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)出(chu)(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)例確實(shi)由2006年(nian)的30.2%提高到(dao)2011年(nian)的44%，但細看就(jiu)(jiu)發現，小(xiao)汽車(che)出(chu)(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)例由31.6%上升到(dao)了33%，自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)出(chu)(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)比(bi)例由27.7%下降(jiang)到(dao)15.1%，這就(jiu)(jiu)意(yi)味著(zhu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)票(piao)價的優(you)惠(hui)政策并(bing)未能實(shi)現小(xiao)汽車(che)出(chu)(chu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)向公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉移的期待，而是把自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)轉移至了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)。

    高(gao)揚(yang)說，這讓道路(lu)擁堵(du)進一步惡化，給(gei)公(gong)共交(jiao)通(tong)系統運行服務增(zeng)加(jia)了負擔(dan)，以地(di)鐵為例(li)，工(gong)作日通(tong)勤高(gao)峰(feng)時段主要的地(di)鐵線路(lu)列(lie)車滿載率超過120%，進站(zhan)限(xian)流(liu)措施(shi)在32座地(di)鐵站(zhan)已成常態。

    他又指出另(ling)一組數據：2011年公共交(jiao)通運(yun)營補貼達(da)到156.9億元(yuan)，而全(quan)市(shi)公共財政支出僅為1422.9億元(yuan)，占(zhan)(zhan)了(le)約11%，而用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)科學技術的占(zhan)(zhan)9.8%，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)文(wen)化體育與(yu)傳媒的占(zhan)(zhan)3.5%，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)社會保障與(yu)就(jiu)業的占(zhan)(zhan)7.2%，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)醫療衛生的占(zhan)(zhan)5.3%。

    “公共(gong)交通(tong)(tong)運行(xing)(xing)補(bu)(bu)貼還(huan)在逐年(nian)(nian)增長，就拿北京公共(gong)交通(tong)(tong)控股（集團(tuan)）有限公司(si)所轄公交線路票(piao)價(jia)(jia)虧(kui)損為(wei)例，實施(shi)公交票(piao)價(jia)(jia)優惠政(zheng)策之(zhi)前(qian)的2006年(nian)(nian)，財(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)補(bu)(bu)貼為(wei)25.3億元(yuan)，實施(shi)后(hou)的2007年(nian)(nian)財(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)補(bu)(bu)貼就增長為(wei)51.8億元(yuan)，到了2011年(nian)(nian)財(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)補(bu)(bu)貼將(jiang)近(jin)90億元(yuan)，粗略估算2011年(nian)(nian)地面公交出行(xing)(xing)每人次出行(xing)(xing)票(piao)價(jia)(jia)虧(kui)損約為(wei)1.7元(yuan)，軌(gui)道交通(tong)(tong)出行(xing)(xing)每人次出行(xing)(xing)票(piao)價(jia)(jia)虧(kui)損約為(wei)5元(yuan)，并呈逐年(nian)(nian)增長趨勢(shi)，照(zhao)此(ci)發展，北京市公共(gong)財(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)將(jiang)難以支撐。”

    高揚認為，實施(shi)公共交通(tong)票價(jia)優惠政策的出發點是正確的，但是要看怎么補貼、怎么優惠。

    “2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，北京市居(ju)民(min)可支配收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)10%，2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)期間公(gong)(gong)交集團單張(zhang)車票收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)為8%，而(er)2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)變化則為年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均減少6%，與(yu)此同時，以公(gong)(gong)共交通方(fang)式出(chu)行的居(ju)民(min)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均公(gong)(gong)交費(fei)用支出(chu)占年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均可支配收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)則由5.1%降(jiang)為2.1%,居(ju)民(min)消費(fei)價格(ge)指(zhi)數年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)2.9%。這就意味著公(gong)(gong)交出(chu)行費(fei)用與(yu)居(ju)民(min)可支配收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)、CPI等經濟社會發展指(zhi)標相脫節，居(ju)民(min)所(suo)需(xu)支付的公(gong)(gong)交出(chu)行成本逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)低，而(er)財政(zheng)補貼力度則在逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)加(jia)大。”高揚(yang)說，另據統(tong)計，六(liu)環(huan)內居(ju)民(min)全方(fang)式平均出(chu)行距離由2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的8.2公(gong)(gong)里(li)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)到10.6公(gong)(gong)里(li)，其中地(di)鐵方(fang)式由14.5公(gong)(gong)里(li)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)至(zhi)18公(gong)(gong)里(li)，公(gong)(gong)交方(fang)式由9.5公(gong)(gong)里(li)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)至(zhi)10.8公(gong)(gong)里(li)。

    那么該怎么補貼呢？高揚介紹說，目前國際城市大(da)都采取了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)營(ying)財政補貼制度(du)，但多與物價、工(gong)資水平(ping)等相關的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)票價聯動，其核心目的(de)是在(zai)保障(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共服務(wu)質量和市民可承受度(du)的(de)情(qing)況，還能從(cong)長期經營(ying)的(de)角度(du)保障(zhang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)企業的(de)正常運(yun)轉和公(gong)(gong)(gong)共財政補貼的(de)可持續性。

    高揚還(huan)建議結(jie)合北京市公(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)優(you)(you)先發展政(zheng)(zheng)策，以軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)和地面公(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)的合理功能分(fen)工要求，制定相應(ying)的票(piao)價優(you)(you)惠(hui)政(zheng)(zheng)策，提升(sheng)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運營服(fu)務水平和出行比例，比如為提升(sheng)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)出行比例而采取的地面交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)與軌道交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)換(huan)乘票(piao)價優(you)(you)惠(hui)政(zheng)(zheng)策、緩解(jie)通(tong)(tong)(tong)勤高峰地鐵客流(liu)的差別化優(you)(you)惠(hui)政(zheng)(zheng)策、流(liu)動(dong)人(ren)口一日或多(duo)日通(tong)(tong)(tong)票(piao)優(you)(you)惠(hui)政(zheng)(zheng)策等，還(huan)應(ying)當單獨研究制定面向(xiang)低(di)收入者、殘(can)疾人(ren)、傷(shang)殘(can)軍人(ren)等群體的公(gong)(gong)共(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)補貼政(zheng)(zheng)策，保(bao)障社(she)會公(gong)(gong)平。