北京公眾健康飲用水研究所李復興教授

　　北京公眾健康飲用水(shui)(shui)研究所(suo)李復興教授近日在接受記者采(cai)訪(fang)時介紹說，經過十幾年(nian)的(de)(de)快速發(fa)展(zhan)，目前中國的(de)(de)飲水(shui)(shui)機用戶已達1000多(duo)(duo)萬(wan)，家庭桶裝水(shui)(shui)普及(ji)率(lv)已達到30%以上，有的(de)(de)城市(shi)甚至高達60%。桶裝水(shui)(shui)消費(fei)每年(nian)達到300多(duo)(duo)億元，桶裝水(shui)(shui)行業每年(nian)以20%的(de)(de)增(zeng)速發(fa)展(zhan)，居(ju)世界(jie)首位(wei)。與此同時，桶裝水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)安全問題也日益被人(ren)們(men)所(suo)重視(shi)。

　　李教授說，由(you)于從事桶(tong)裝(zhuang)水(shui)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業只重視市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拓展并追求利潤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大化(hua)，而(er)忽視了桶(tong)裝(zhuang)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品質(zhi)量和安(an)全。近(jin)年來全國各地不斷曝光出桶(tong)裝(zhuang)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全隱患，例如2011年7月(yue)6日(ri)，北(bei)京市工商局和質(zhi)監局聯(lian)合公(gong)布了31種因菌(jun)落總數超(chao)標(biao)而(er)被停(ting)售的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桶(tong)裝(zhuang)水(shui)，其中(zhong)最嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)菌(jun)落總數超(chao)標(biao)9000倍。

　　李復興教授(shou)分析認為，目前，桶裝水安(an)全(quan)問(wen)題主要出現(xian)在(zai)以下三個環節。

　　一是生產環節出現問題，主要表現為水源出現問題。

　　有些純(chun)凈(jing)水(shui)桶裝水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)源多為自來水(shui)，一些礦泉水(shui)、山泉水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)桶裝水(shui)多為地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)。由于當地(di)(di)水(shui)源周(zhou)邊(bian)水(shui)受到(dao)污(wu)染，其污(wu)染物(wu)容易(yi)滲透到(dao)地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)源。生(sheng)產(chan)設備受到(dao)污(wu)染。桶裝水(shui)生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)凈(jing)化設備和(he)濾材需要定期清洗(xi)維(wei)護或更換。桶裝水(shui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合格的(de)(de)(de)原因往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)企業沒有嚴格按照工(gong)藝規程(cheng)操作(zuo)，特別是(shi)忽略了對(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)用(yong)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)管道(dao)系統、過濾系統、灌裝系統等進(jin)行(xing)清洗(xi)和(he)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)。飲用(yong)水(shui)包(bao)裝物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)清洗(xi)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)徹底易(yi)造(zao)成產(chan)品被污(wu)染。灌裝車間的(de)(de)(de)潔(jie)凈(jing)度達(da)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)要求，消(xiao)毒(du)(du)設備指(zhi)標未(wei)及時(shi)檢(jian)修，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)起到(dao)很好的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)殺菌(jun)作(zuo)用(yong)。企業自檢(jian)機(ji)構不(bu)(bu)(bu)完善。一般生(sheng)產(chan)企業都有專門的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)驗機(ji)構和(he)專門的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)負責，但(dan)很多企業的(de)(de)(de)類似機(ji)構形同虛設，不(bu)(bu)(bu)要求自檢(jian)。

　　“黑(hei)桶(tong)(tong)”充(chong)斥市(shi)場。市(shi)民一般關心飲用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)壞，卻常常忽視了盛水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)容器(qi)（桶(tong)(tong)）的質(zhi)(zhi)量問題。現在(zai)市(shi)面上(shang)很多企業(ye)(ye)為了降低成本在(zai)塑料(liao)桶(tong)(tong)上(shang)做文章。在(zai)成本上(shang)升、惡性(xing)競爭的壓力下(xia)(xia)，用(yong)(yong)“PET”（非(fei)正規桶(tong)(tong)材料(liao)）飲用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)桶(tong)(tong)代替“PC”（聚碳酸酯正規桶(tong)(tong)材料(liao)）飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)桶(tong)(tong)已(yi)成為桶(tong)(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)行業(ye)(ye)的潛規則。長期使(shi)用(yong)(yong)或加熱PET桶(tong)(tong)，該桶(tong)(tong)會釋放出一些致癌(ai)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)，人(ren)體(ti)的消(xiao)化、神經系統會受到不同程度的損害。這給消(xiao)費(fei)者的飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)安全埋下(xia)(xia)隱(yin)患，也給桶(tong)(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)行業(ye)(ye)帶(dai)來(lai)信任危機。

　　飲(yin)水(shui)機(ji)內(nei)膽材質(zhi)有問題。合格飲(yin)水(shui)機(ji)的內(nei)膽應由食品級(ji)不銹(xiu)鋼制成，不合格內(nei)膽在使用過程中卻(que)可(ke)能溶出重金(jin)屬(shu)物(wu)質(zhi)，損(sun)害人體健康。消費者(zhe)可(ke)以依據2009年5月(yue)1日起實施(shi)的GB/T22090-2008《冷熱(re)飲(yin)水(shui)機(ji)標準》進(jin)行選擇，這一標準要求飲(yin)水(shui)機(ji)內(nei)膽的理化指標試驗必須合格。

　　山(shan)(shan)(shan)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)亂象(xiang)。國(guo)家只(zhi)(zhi)有飲用天然礦泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)和飲用純(chun)凈(jing)水(shui)標準(zhun)(zhun)，而山(shan)(shan)(shan)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)沒(mei)有具(ju)體的(de)(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)。目前山(shan)(shan)(shan)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)只(zhi)(zhi)是企業(ye)內(nei)部(bu)標準(zhun)(zhun)，大多數(shu)所謂的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)只(zhi)(zhi)是渾(hun)水(shui)摸(mo)魚，不(bu)少不(bu)合格純(chun)凈(jing)水(shui)標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)水(shui)也(ye)冒充山(shan)(shan)(shan)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)。因為沒(mei)有國(guo)家標準(zhun)(zhun)，所以只(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)有水(shui)都可以生(sheng)產山(shan)(shan)(shan)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)水(shui)。加上又沒(mei)有礦產資源費用，生(sheng)產成本低，因此山(shan)(shan)(shan)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)桶裝水(shui)生(sheng)產數(shu)量高于礦泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)桶裝水(shui)。

　　二是流通領域出現問題

　　北京(jing)市每(mei)年銷(xiao)售桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)超過一億桶(tong)，除少部(bu)分是(shi)直銷(xiao)外，絕大(da)多(duo)數桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生產企(qi)業(ye)“送水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)”在很(hen)大(da)程(cheng)度上(shang)都(dou)依賴各級經銷(xiao)商(shang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)店(dian)（或稱水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)站(zhan)(zhan)）。目(mu)前(qian)全國絕大(da)多(duo)數桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)銷(xiao)售缺乏監管，代理(li)商(shang)門檻很(hen)低，有些地方(fang)對當(dang)地水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)店(dian)或水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)站(zhan)(zhan)投訴很(hen)多(duo)，反映的情況主要有：水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)站(zhan)(zhan)突(tu)然關門、送水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不及(ji)(ji)時、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質有問題、不退(tui)還押金、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)票(piao)作廢等。很(hen)多(duo)問題尤其是(shi)假(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題出現在代理(li)商(shang)環節，以及(ji)(ji)自來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)冒充(chong)品牌桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，假(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)冒充(chong)真水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，有的以劣(lie)質桶(tong)更換品牌好(hao)桶(tong)。很(hen)多(duo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)店(dian)賣假(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)上(shang)癮，因為(wei)其利潤高，假(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進價只為(wei)真水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的五分之(zhi)一。

　　三是家庭或用戶出現問題

　　一般講，大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)正規桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)未開封不(bu)會出(chu)(chu)現水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)問(wen)(wen)題。用戶或家(jia)(jia)庭中桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)出(chu)(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題通(tong)常表(biao)現在兩個(ge)方面：一是(shi)(shi)飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)機(ji)(ji)長期不(bu)清洗，引起二次污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)需(xu)要(yao)飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)配套使用，飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)機(ji)(ji)有五個(ge)對外(wai)接口，其中主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)口，只(zhi)有空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進入(ru)桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)通(tong)過空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓力才能把桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)斷(duan)流入(ru)飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)機(ji)(ji)中，這樣就(jiu)(jiu)會有塵埃、微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)、藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)孢(bao)子隨同進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)口進入(ru)桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)內而(er)(er)造(zao)成桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)二次污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。我(wo)們(men)曾做(zuo)過實驗(yan)，從進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口出(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)第(di)四天(tian)微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)菌落就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)可計數(shu)。這些(xie)微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)除了(le)桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)本身的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題外(wai)，可能由空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)帶入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)。第(di)二是(shi)(shi)桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)能及時喝(he)完(wan)出(chu)(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題。桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)應該在一周之內喝(he)完(wan)，一般家(jia)(jia)庭不(bu)易及時把一桶(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)喝(he)完(wan)，長期喝(he)不(bu)完(wan)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)容易造(zao)成污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。尤其礦泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、山(shan)泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)一般過3~4天(tian)后剩余的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)會容易長綠苔(tai)(tai)，我(wo)們(men)看到的(de)(de)(de)綠苔(tai)(tai)一般稱(cheng)為(wei)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)。大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)有毒的(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)要(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)看見(jian)綠苔(tai)(tai)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)有毒的(de)(de)(de)。藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)來源除了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中自(zi)有的(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)，空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)孢(bao)子也是(shi)(shi)來源之一。形成綠苔(tai)(tai)有三個(ge)條(tiao)件(jian)：必須有藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)孢(bao)子的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在；必須有陽(yang)光和濕度；需(xu)要(yao)一定的(de)(de)(de)時間。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)礦泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、山(shan)泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)易出(chu)(chu)現綠苔(tai)(tai)，因為(wei)礦泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、山(shan)泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)營養(yang)元(yuan)素存(cun)在，而(er)(er)純(chun)凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不(bu)含礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)反而(er)(er)不(bu)利(li)于藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)生長。

　　總之，桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)頻頻出現問題(ti)主要(yao)是存(cun)在(zai)于以上幾個環節。杜絕桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)的安全隱患，除(chu)了加強桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)企業的自律和社會責任(ren)感及(ji)加強政府機關部門對桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)的監管力度外(wai)，還(huan)要(yao)向消費者傳遞(di)有關桶(tong)裝水(shui)(shui)的科學知識(shi)和使(shi)用(yong)常識(shi)。